The Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony Essay example

Eyewitness testimony is defined as, â€Å"an area of research that investigates the accuracy of memory following an accident, crime, or other significant event, and the types of errors that are commonly made in such situations.† Much emphasis is placed on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony as often-inaccurate eyewitness testimony can have serious consequences leading to wrong convictions. Eyewitness testimony is a powerful tool within any field, particularly that of justice, as it is a readily accepted form of evidence that allows for convictions. However, Tests conducted by Loftus have shown an enormous swing from a non-guilty verdict, to guilty within the same case, simply through the introduction†¦show more content†¦Huff recently estimated that about 7,500 people arrested for serious crime in the United States were wrongly convicted in 1999. He further noted that the rate is thought to be much lower in Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and others, e specially those that have established procedures for reviewing cases involving the potential of wrongful conviction. Ronald Cotton was convicted in 1986 of raping a 22 year old college student, on the basis of her testimony, Cotton was sentenced to prison for life. DNA testing, 11 years later proved Cotton as innocent. Another man, Bobby Poole, pleaded guilty to the crime. (Ref: Egeth, H. E. What do we not know about eyewitness identification?) This case shows, as I mentioned earlier, how much jurors rely on eyewitness testimony, yet it perhaps is the most unreliable source of evidence in the first place. A key reason for memory distortion is that witnesses pick up information from other sources, a combination of memory from different experiences. Much research shows that memory more closely resembles a synthesis of experiences. Bartlett (1932) carried out research on reconstructive memory. He claimed that in order to make sense of an event we go through a process called â€Å" effort after meaning.† Instead of storing an exact replica of the event, we combine it withShow MoreRelatedAccuracy of Eyewitness Testimony1815 Words   |  7 Pages(The Justice Project).† Eyewitness testimony is highly relied on by judges, but it can not always be trusted. Approximately 48% of wrong convictions are because of mistaken identity by eyewitnesses (The Psychology of Eyewitness Testimony). After we discovered this information, we became curious as to whether in a testimony, the eyewitness’ memory is more reliable after a short period of time or after a longer period of time? According to previous experiments, eyewitness testimony is unreliable. LikelyRead MoreAccuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Eyewitness testimony has been used as an important tool in the criminal justice system. When there is lack of other kinds of evidence, police often rely on eyewitness to find potential suspects. In court, eyewitness testimony is a kind of important evidence associates with DNA or other types of evidence. However, many psychologists think that it should not be used in the criminal justice system as most of the wrongful convictions were caused by inaccurate eyewitness testimony. AlthoughRead MoreAccuracy of an Eyewitness Testimony Essay2096 Words   |  9 PagesThe Accuracy of an Eyewitness Testimony Student: Amy Mason Number: 2842657 Tutor: Serena Nicholls Tutorial Time: Thursday 10am - 10:50am Due date: Friday 21st September 21, 2012 Word count: 1858 Psychological research shows that eyewitness testimony is not always accurate, therefore it should not be used in the criminal justice system. Discuss. The reliability if an eyewitness testimony is questionable. The witness may be so certain that the person that thy are pointing out is one hundredRead MoreTesting The Accuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony3401 Words   |  14 PagesThe concepts that are covered in the experiment: â€Å"Testing the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony† are how the memory part of your brain works. Also, the colors that help memorization is also included in this experiment.Another thing that is covered in this experiment is whether or not someone is able to regurgitate information back after 20 minutes. Another thing that is covered in this experiment is the types of memory disorders. Tips on how to keep a healthy memory are also included. Also, the stepsRead MoreThe Effects Of Language On The Accuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony1436 Words   |  6 PagesOverview The study was conducted to show how altering certain words can influence to the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. The study consisted of two experiments. The first was done on 45 participants who were split into groups of varying sizes and they were shown seven films. In the first study, the independent variable was the verb used in the critical question. These were either, hit , bumped , smashed , contacted and collided . And the dependent variable was the speed estimationRead MoreEyewitness Testimony Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages The Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony is a major topic in our society. Eyewitness Testimony is often used during crime scene investigations. Although a Testimony by a bystander or a victim regarding an incident is a great tool for further investigation, testimonies are often times false and can lead to false accusations. The research question, how accurate is eyewitness testimony, will be studied. The purpose for this project is to determine t he accuracy of eyewitness testimony. The hypothesisRead MoreEyewitness Testimony And Its Impact On The Outcome Of A Trial892 Words   |  4 PagesHow Accurate Are Eyewitness Testimonies? Have you ever been a witness to a crime? Would you feel comfortable if prosecutors relied on your eye witness testimony alone for a conviction? According to â€Å"The Magic of the Mind†, eyewitness testimony which relies on the accuracy of human memory, has an enormous impact on the outcome of a trial. Eyewitness testimony is a legal term. During an eyewitness testimony, the witness usually goes into an account of the crime he or she has witnessed. This can includeRead MoreReliability of the Human Memory1339 Words   |  5 PagesReliability of the human memory in eyewitness memory In this essay it will be argued how the human memory for recalling details of past events is not reliably accurate and that it will be interpreted through the reliability of memory in eyewitness memory and testimony. The human memory is a complex finding in the cognitive research of psychology, which can be explained by many different contributing factors but eyewitness is dependent upon the accuracy of long-term memory. However, research evidenceRead MoreEyewitness Testimony And The American Psychological Association1580 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern law and judicial practices, eyewitness testimony has been a crucial part in reaching verdicts in court. The opinions and observations of bystanders or active participants in a crime scene are often considered to be very valuable in determining the guilt or innocence of accused individuals. However, there has been a large amount of scrutiny in the law world concerning both misappropriated and untrue testimonies administered in courts of law. Although the testimony of individuals can simply be misinterpretedRead MoreHow Does The Brain Malfunctions Affect The Justice System?1246 Words   |  5 Pageswrongfully convicted individuals by the eyewitness wh ich is a huge issue in the system (Weir, 2016). It is crucial to be knowledgeable of the factors that can impede memory. The person that actually committed the crime should be held responsible for their actions, not only for justice, but for the safety of others as well. There are many factors to consider when psychologists and scientists are trying to figure out reliability of eyewitness testimony. The ability to recall or recognize is

Is it possible to have made a profit and have no cash Essay

Essays on Is it possible to have made a profit and have no cash Essay Is It Possible To Have Made A Profit And Have No Cash? Profitability and cash flow are two independent but important concepts in any business entity.It is actually possible to have made a profit and have no cash. For the purposes of explaining the above statement, it is important to define the two terms, cash and profit. Profit refers to the revenue or gains obtained after all the costs of operating a business are considered. The profit may not be in monetary value since the same could have gone into increasing operating capital, payment of loans among others. Profit could also be in the hands of debtors, undelivered supplies or trapped within other business operations. On the other hand, cash refers to liquid money that acts as the operating capital of the business. Cash flow simply refers to the ability of the business to meet present financial obligations. Based on the above definitions, it is possible for a business to have made a profit and have no cash. The business can make profits but the profit is trapped within business operations such as undelivered supplies, loan payments, uncollected revenue, or increase of working capital. Additionally, the business could be failing in planning on collection of cash and making payments. The problem of lack of cash where profits have been made can be solved using several business operational strategies. The first solution is prompt billing whereby all cash that is owed to the business is collected promptly. It is also important for the business to make courteous follow up on both short-term and long-term debtors. It is advisable for the business to offer discounts for prompt payments to encourage prompt payments (OBerry 25-33). It will also help a lot if all checks are deposited promptly and regularly. More importantly, payments such as dividends should be paid once the business has a good and stable cash flow (OBerry 25-33). Another important strategy is efficient management of payables. Suppliers play a key role in success of any business. Since suppliers take much of the running capital, it becomes necessary to adopt an efficient strategy of dealing with suppliers. Lack of cash can be managed by retaining funds as long as possible. It is worthwhile taking advantag e of creditor’s payment terms. For instance, if payment should be done within a month it is not advisable to pay on the first day. More importantly, electronic funds transfers should always be used whenever possible since quick money transfer can be done when deadline for payment is quite close (OBerry 25-33). However, the most important strategy is proper planning. An accurate forecast of possible expenses and income will make it possible to predict the financial status of the business at a future date. This assists in timing of payments, investments, borrowing and other business operations so that cash flow remains stable throughout. Proper use of cash flow statements is essential in determining source of cash for business operations and possible expenditure. Proper management of cash flow statements provides an important tool of assessing influx and out flow of cash within a given time. This way, it will be possible to maintain cash, operate the business efficiently, and make profits at the same time (OBerry 25-33). Works Cited OBerry, Denise. â€Å"Small Business Cash Flow: Strategies for Making Your Business a Financial Success.† New York: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print.

In-N-Out Business Model and History Essay Sample free essay sample

In fast-food corporate America In-N-Out Burger has ever remained family-owned. It had no shareholders to react to and was able to put in keeping high criterions of quality. Unlike its rivals the concatenation. with 258 shops soon. is able to retain its changeless growing in gross revenues. even in times of recession. The company strongly believes in the importance of extremely motivated staff that identifies with the chain’s values and gives them the chance to progress. By supplying above-average rewards. societal benefits and other fringe benefits In-N-Out wages testimonial to the importance of their associates. The foundation of a company-owned university warrants extraordinarily-trained forces that internalizes the „customer is everythingâ€Å"-philosophy. The ain distribution system with private meatmans and warehouses ensures the alone quality and freshness of all merchandises. They are entirely delivered to shops in a 500 stat mis range to avoid the demand of stop deading the nutrient. All In-N-Out providers are chosen in a long-run process. We will write a custom essay sample on In-N-Out Business Model and History Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shops are screaky clean. equipped with unfastened kitchens. where everything is made to order. In-N-Out‘s highly loyal client base appreciates the chain’s transparence. the menu‘s simpleness. the just monetary values and the employee’s friendliness. They spread their satisfaction via word-of-mouth. which saves particular selling schemes. An chance for the concatenation is the turning quality consciousness among the society. Peoples are willing to pay more for higher nutrient criterions. Since there is such a high demand for In-N-Out and the company’s net income is invariably increasing. the concatenation is in a perfect place to spread out. Although In-N-Out has a great market place. there however are certain shortages like the long waiting times and the deficiency of assortment in the bill of fare. Furthermore the chain’s rivals started to accommodate to the new criterion of quality. which is a large menace for In-N-Out. History:In-N-Out Burger was founded in 1948 by Harry and Esther Snyder. What started out as a bantam Burger hovel in the L. A. territory was turning to be a cultural establishment of Southern California. Harry Snyder was the first individual to come up with the thought of a drive-thru. where clients could order from a two manner talker box. In fast developing auto centered Southern California. it was the perfect clip and topographic point for a alone concern thought like that and Snyder’s thought caught on rapidly. From the really get downing the Snyders‘ doctrine „Do one thing A ; Make it the best you canâ€Å" proved to be the right scheme for them. Alternatively of concentrating on a assortment of Burgers. alterations in bill of fare and selling schemes. they put the accent on quality in every facet. It was neer the thought of Harry and Esther to spread out. but in order to give their loyal associates a opportunity to mount the calling ladder. they easy expand ed one shop after another. Franchising was neer a inquiry for the Snyders. since they were truly specific about remaining family-owned and command the quality of merchandises and service personally. The quality accent was so high that Harry hired the first private In-N-Out meatman in 1963. Whereas about every other fast-food concatenation has been passing every bit small money as possible on their merchandises in order to hold a higher income. which largely meant seting inexpensive nutrient additives to the ingredients. the Snyders didn’t follow the tendency but remained true to their values. By the clip of Harry Snyder‘s decease in 1976 there were merely 18 drive-thru locations. The company was able to stay family-owned due to the fact that the Snyders‘ boies learned the concern from their early childhood yearss. Rich. the youngest boy. took over the company after his pa had died. He stayed true to the family‘s values. but he started spread outing at a higher rate. Rich was the one to get down the In-N-Out â€Å"Universityâ€Å" as good. During his leading the company grew from 18 locations to 93 locations until he died in 1993. Guy Snyder. his older brother. was at that place go oning as the new Chairman of the Board. During his leading In-N-Out grew from 93 locations to 140. After his decease in 1999. his girl Linsey was able to take over the company and to prosecute the way taken by Harry many old ages ago.

Anasazi Great Houses of the Chaco Canyon Region Essay Example For Students

Anasazi Great Houses of the Chaco Canyon Region Essay Native American architecture varies greatly from region to region throughout North America, and was influenced by factors such as climate, kind of community, and the natural environment. Whereas some buildings were designed and constructed for specified functions, others, such as Anasazi great houses, were massive multi-purpose structures. Because great houses from Chaco Canyon are so well preserved, it is possible to have a decent understanding of the structure of Anasazi architecture for analysis. A close examination of the innovative Anasazi great house architecture of the Chaco Canyon region reveals its utilitarian value. Chaco Canyon, located in northwest New Mexico, is full of plateaus and canyons. Though the area may appear unsuitable for habitation, the Anasazi were able to adapt to this environment by building homes using materials found in abundance around the Chaco Canyon region. (Fig. 1) The apartment style of building of great houses, multistoried communal strongholds1 , began to appear during the late ninth century, dying down into the twelfth century A.D.2 While wood usually had to be imported from a distance, sandstone was readily available and used primarily in this geometric style of architecture. Although no one knows the exact reasons why, the Anasazi moved to create these large complexes now known as great houses, breaking away from previously more traditional pithouse communities. Perhaps it was safer to commune as a large group, protecting themselves from enemies. Another possibility can be seen through examination of the heating and cooling benefits of the Chaco Canyon great house style of architecture. Solar energy and climate were major contributing factors in the building plans of Anasazi architecture. The climate can be harsh in the Four Corners region of the country, with extremely hot days and very cool nights, unbearably hot summers, and frigid winters. In order to protect the inhabitants from their environment, the Anasazi architects incorporated their knowledge of the effect of solar energy on building materials, as well as location of the sun in determining how the structures may most efficiently either absorb or reflect heat. A southern exposure would have taken advantage of the low, southern winter sun angle, helping keep rooms warm and light during colder seasons.3 In addition to heating and cooling the community, windows were strategically placed to focus the suns rays, during the summer solstice, through the complexity of the architecture of these great houses.4 The summer solstice was not the only time of the year that interesting lighting would project through Anasa zi homes; almost all great houses were constructed to face the south/southeast.5 As the sun rose in the winter, each room would warm progressively, and as the sun set, the insulation of the construction helped maintain a livable temperature. Another elemental factor in Chaco Canyon great house architecture was the greater ability to protect against wind and rain, as compared to smaller, less densely populated communities. Keeping most daily functions within one very large building area, work and play of the inhabitants did not have to suffer during inclement weather. Focusing primarily on utilitarian and geometric form, the Anasazi were able to construct architecture not before seen in the Four Corners region of the United States. The very innovative Anasazi architecture form focused around common needs of the inhabitants, centering around a relatively focused area that would provide most life sustaining functions within some small distance. Figure 2 is a view of the masonry of the rear wall of the great house at Pueblo Bonito, a Chaco Canyon community, as well as circular rooms with benches.6 Without any method of transportation aside from walking, the majority of daily functions must take place within a reasonable distance of a permanent settlement. It was important that water, food, and shelter all were readily available in a somewhat condensed area. Though at times it was necessary to use irrigation techniques while farming, the Anasazi people were able to cultivate plenty of corn, beans, and squash, which could be stored in grain rooms to pr ovide sustenance throughout the year. A source of water seems to have been one of the most important points in Anasazi building concepts. Though much of Anasazi great house architecture was built near a spring or other water source, most inhabitants of the Chaco Canyon region innovatively constructed dams and reservoirs to maintain the level of water they would need, to the best of their ability.7 This kind of water tapping was of great importance to the Anasazi people, as the environment of northwest New Mexico is extremely arid, leaving much of the naturally available water sources with very limited amounts. Night By Elie Wiesel (665 words) EssayWorks CitedBerlo, Janet C. and Ruth B. Phillips. Native North American Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Betancourt, Julio L., Jeffrey S. Dean, and Herbert M. Hull. Prehistoric Long-Distance Transport of Construction Beams, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. American Antiquity (April 1986): 370-4. Brody, J.J. The Rhetoric of Formalism: Interpreting Anasazi Architecture. In Anasazi Architecture and American Design, ed. Baker H. Morrow and V.B. Price, 5-15. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997. Burley, Jon Bryan. Anasazi Site Planning: Historic Precedents, Modern Contructs, and Multi-Cultural Dynamics. Michigan State University, College of Social Sciences Home Page, Sept. 1995. Online. Available from: http://www.ssc.msu.edu/laej/historypapers/Burley3/Burley3text.html. Internet. Accessed 5 february 2001. Cameron, Catherine M. Room Size, Organization of Construction, and Archaeological Interpretation in the Puebloan Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology (1999): 201-239. Dent, Stephen D. and Barbara Coleman. A Planners Primer: Lessons from Chaco. In Anasazi Architecture and American Design, ed. Baker H. Morrow and V.B. Price, 53-61. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997. Encyclopedia Brittanica. Anasazi Culture. Encyclopedia Brittanica Home Page. 2000. Online. Available from http://www.brittanica.com/bcom/eb/article/5/0,5716,7455+1+7369,00.html?query=anasazi. Internet. Accessed 7 February 2001. Lekson, Stephen H. Great Pueblo Architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Albuquerque: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1984. Royo, A.R. The Anasazi. Desert USA home Page, 1996-2001. Online. Available from: http://www.desertusa.com/indl/du_peo_ana.html. Internet. Accessed 5 February 2001. Scarborough, Vernon. Site Structure of a Village of the Late Pithouse-Early Pueblo Period in New Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology (Winter 1989) 405-25. Schreiber, Stephen D. Engineering Feats of the Anasazi: Buildings, Roads, and Dams. In Anasazi Architecture and American Design, ed. Baker H. Morrow and V.B. Price, 77-87. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997. Stuart, David E. and Susan Moczygemba-McKinsey. Anasazi America: Seventeen Centuries on the Road from Center Place. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000. Van Dyke, Ruth M. The Chaco Connection: Evaluating Bonito-Style Architecture in Outlier Communities. Journal of Anthropological Architecture (December 1999) 471-506.